Skinny On

SONIC BOOMS

By Hannah Holmes

The sound barrier got its name and its reputation by breaking apart airplanes and throwing them on the ground. It seemed you could fly right up to the speed of sound, but if you sped passed it (which tended to happen when diving earthward), you wished you hadn't. The popular perception of hitting the sound barrier bore a similarity to a bird hitting a picture window.

But people are stubborn, and they wanted to know what was on the other side.

"People knew it could be done -- every bullet goes supersonic," says Steve Robinson, who made a living studying turbulence before joining the astronaut corps, where he now makes turbulence for a living. "That's why the first supersonic airplane was shaped like a 50-caliber bullet."

Needless to say, airplanes were soon breaking the sound barrier, and the accompanying sonic boom was breaking windows.


So what is this infamous sonic boom, if not the shattering of the picture-window-in-the-sky?
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It's a stampede of traumatized air molecules, actually.

When a plane flies slower than the speed of sound (which is 750 mph at sea level and 660 mph at six miles above sea level, where the air is colder), the air molecules have time to part and flow smoothly around it. But, like cheese molecules or water molecules, air molecules can only move so fast. They have a built-in speed limit. And since sound is a disturbance passing from molecule to molecule, like falling dominos, the speed of air molecules limits the speed of sound.

So when an airplane goes faster than the speed of air/sound, it stops slicing the air like a knife and begins pushing it like a plow, shoving a fat plug of chaotic molecules before it. As with an explosion, this insult to the molecules generates a shock wave that ripples outward in a sphere. When that shock wave, traveling at the speed of sound, reaches your ear, it sounds like "BOOM."


But "boom" is misleading. No, you don't bounce off the sound barrier, and no, you don't make a boom when you break through it.
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"People think when you go through the sound barrier, it makes this sound once," says Robinson. "That's wrong. You're dragging this boom around with you wherever you go."

That's right: If people stood shoulder to shoulder from California to New York, and the Supersonic Transport Concorde flew over their heads, every single person would hear a sonic boom. It's really more of a "sonic bellow." The auditory fact of the matter is, however, that each person hears just one boom as the shock wave reaches his ears. Well, maybe he hears two booms.

"In reality, shocks are generated off all sorts of surfaces, not just the nose of the airplane," says NASA boom specialist Kevin Shepherd. "But often, the big ones swallow up the little ones, and you end up with one that appears to be from the nose, and one that appears to be from the tail."


Well, truth be told, you probably hear no booms.
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Because earth-bound spoil-sports didn't like the noise any more than they liked having their windows broken, all but the military are now forbidden to boom over land. Robinson and the other astronauts fly their training jets sedately until they're out over the Gulf of Mexico.

Accidents do happen, Shepherd says. Because the speed of sound (and hence the sound barrier) does vary with air temperature, and because pilots never hear their own "sonic bellow," pilots can be ignorant of their crime until they get the bill for the windows.

Breaking the sound barrier isn't cheap, which is why airliners abstain. As you may know from daily experience, it takes far more energy to push your fist through cheese than to slice it with a knife. Seats on the Concorde are pricey because it takes a lot of jet fuel to plow cheese all the way to Paris.

So why bother going supersonic? There's a brief silence from Robinson's end of the phone, as though he's admiring the naiveté of the question.

"You go faster," he says.


Vocabulary

ballista, n.: From the Greek word for "to throw," a ballista is an item everyone should have. Involving ropes and a big bow, it is, as one 14th century writer noted, "an instrument for casting shaftis and stoonys." Arrows and stones, that is. It's a breed of catapult. "Ballistics," then, is "the art [art, mind you] of throwing heavy bodies." And "going ballistic"? That's when a thrown object follows its natural arc, free of any controls on its motion. Or e-motion.


Check out more of "The Skinny On ..." stories:

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  • Sewing Up Baseballs
  • Strange Sneezing Situations
  • The Evil Eye
  • Why Ice Cubes Shrink in the Freezer
  • Why Toilet Bowl Water Twirls Clockwise
  • Why Teflon Sticks to the Pan
  • Lunacy and the Full Moon
  • Sunscreen Testing
  • Where Fruit Flies Come From
  • Smelly Sports Clothing
  • Why Beans Give You Gas
  • Why You Never See Baby Pigeons
  • Latin Names for Living Things
  • The Color of Snow
  • Pizza and Thirst
  • Why There's No Channel 1 on a TV
  • Falling-Asleep Twitches
  • Deaf People's Inner Voice
  • Truck Tailgating
  • The Ocean in a Seashell
  • Peering at Atoms
  • Charcoal
  • The Rhambling Rhinovirus


  • Hannah Holmes is bouncing and booming all over the globe lately. This month we've sent her to Aruba for two weeks (a tough job, but someone had to do it) to cover the solar eclipse taking place Feb. 26. Starting March 1, she'll be trailing volcano experts on the island of Monsterrat and sending us live dispatches all month long. After that, we just might let her go home to Portland, Maine. Maybe. A fresh "Skinny On ... " arrives here every other Friday, adding to Hannah's extensive work for Discovery Online. Hannah's writing also appears on the pages of Escape, Outside, Sierra, Backpacker, Eco Traveler and Women's Sports and Fitness. Send her a note at skinny@online.discovery.com.


    Learn more about supersonic jetplanes and aerial combat history with the Wings 6 Pack video collection, which you can buy online in Discovery Shopping.


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